Forward by the Editor-in-Chief
Forward by the Editor-in-Chief |
Editorial Board
Editorial Board |
Paper ID: 2
Processing of polyester-halloysite nanotubes: effects of mild sonication technique on tensile properties
By: Mohd Shahneel Saharudin, Syafawati Hasbi, Jiacheng Wei and Fawad Inam
Abstract:
This study offers new insights into the effects of sonication on tensile properties of halloysite nanotubes reinforced in unsaturated polyester. Mild sonication technique was used to study the light transmittance of halloysite nanotubes-polyester nanocomposites using UV-Visible spectroscopy. Mild sonication process up to 25 minutes was found to achieve stable dispersion, maximum values of Tg, storage modulus, loss modulus, Young’s modulus and tensile strength in the case of 0.7 wt% halloysite nanotubes reinforcement. Halloysite particles at higher contents produced more agglomerates or particle clusters which lead to the detrimental effect as evidently shown by scanning electron microscopy images.
Processing of polyester-halloysite nanotubes: effects of mild sonication technique on tensile properties
By: Mohd Shahneel Saharudin, Syafawati Hasbi, Jiacheng Wei and Fawad Inam
Abstract:
This study offers new insights into the effects of sonication on tensile properties of halloysite nanotubes reinforced in unsaturated polyester. Mild sonication technique was used to study the light transmittance of halloysite nanotubes-polyester nanocomposites using UV-Visible spectroscopy. Mild sonication process up to 25 minutes was found to achieve stable dispersion, maximum values of Tg, storage modulus, loss modulus, Young’s modulus and tensile strength in the case of 0.7 wt% halloysite nanotubes reinforcement. Halloysite particles at higher contents produced more agglomerates or particle clusters which lead to the detrimental effect as evidently shown by scanning electron microscopy images.
Full paper: Paper ID 2 |
Paper ID: 3
Development of low cost stencil printer for silver nanoparticles filled conductive ink
By: N. A. S. Mahamad Kamel, M.A. Salim1, M. Mokhlis and G. Omar
Abstract:
This paper presents development of stencil printer and comparison result measurement of sheet resistivity of silver nanoparticles-filled conductive ink printed by using manual deposition method and stencil printer. The study was conducted by using product design specification (PDS), Pugh concept selection method and four-point probe. After printing, the conductive ink was tested by four-point probe. The function of four-point probe is to measure the resistivity of samples. The lower the value of resistivity, the higher the conductivity of conductive ink
Development of low cost stencil printer for silver nanoparticles filled conductive ink
By: N. A. S. Mahamad Kamel, M.A. Salim1, M. Mokhlis and G. Omar
Abstract:
This paper presents development of stencil printer and comparison result measurement of sheet resistivity of silver nanoparticles-filled conductive ink printed by using manual deposition method and stencil printer. The study was conducted by using product design specification (PDS), Pugh concept selection method and four-point probe. After printing, the conductive ink was tested by four-point probe. The function of four-point probe is to measure the resistivity of samples. The lower the value of resistivity, the higher the conductivity of conductive ink
Full paper: Paper ID 3 |
Paper ID: 4
The modified scheme of microwave for predicting the heat transfer rate
By: A.N. Yusoff, M.A. Salim, I.F. Ahamad and G. Omar
Abstract:
This paper presents illustration of the scenario for envision the heat transfer rate mechanism by applying simulation and analysis. Simulation and analysis were conducted using fluid flow (fluent) to figure out the flow process of thermal heat distribution occur through a medium. The evaluation was analyzed based on the visualization of temperature and heat distribution, and overall rate of heat transfer in modified scheme of microwave. Based on the results, the rate of heat transfers able to be increased with the aid of other heating tool or equipment and also depend on the material properties. In addition, it also shows the significant enhancement of the performance towards the modification on conventional microwave.
The modified scheme of microwave for predicting the heat transfer rate
By: A.N. Yusoff, M.A. Salim, I.F. Ahamad and G. Omar
Abstract:
This paper presents illustration of the scenario for envision the heat transfer rate mechanism by applying simulation and analysis. Simulation and analysis were conducted using fluid flow (fluent) to figure out the flow process of thermal heat distribution occur through a medium. The evaluation was analyzed based on the visualization of temperature and heat distribution, and overall rate of heat transfer in modified scheme of microwave. Based on the results, the rate of heat transfers able to be increased with the aid of other heating tool or equipment and also depend on the material properties. In addition, it also shows the significant enhancement of the performance towards the modification on conventional microwave.
Full paper: Paper ID 4 |
Paper ID: 6
Resistivity and morphological analysis of silver-argentum-copper material with different loading of MWCNT
By: I.A. Fatihah, G. Omar, M.A. Salim and M. Syahdan
Abstract:
The formation of Intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and the resistivity at the solder-substrate interface is essential in the manufacturing of solder joints. In this study, the formation of the IMCs and relationship between resistivity and size of the grain boundary were investigated. The results from the four-point probe showed that the resistivity of SAC305 added with the 0.04% MWCNT were higher than those of SAC305 added with 0.03%, 0.02%, 0.01% and without added MWCNT. The resistivity value is resulted from the size of the grain boundary that appeared at the solder surface.
Resistivity and morphological analysis of silver-argentum-copper material with different loading of MWCNT
By: I.A. Fatihah, G. Omar, M.A. Salim and M. Syahdan
Abstract:
The formation of Intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and the resistivity at the solder-substrate interface is essential in the manufacturing of solder joints. In this study, the formation of the IMCs and relationship between resistivity and size of the grain boundary were investigated. The results from the four-point probe showed that the resistivity of SAC305 added with the 0.04% MWCNT were higher than those of SAC305 added with 0.03%, 0.02%, 0.01% and without added MWCNT. The resistivity value is resulted from the size of the grain boundary that appeared at the solder surface.
Full paper: Paper ID 6 |
Paper ID: 9
An evaluation method of modal damping for silver/graphene nanoparticle on vibration based electromagnetic energy harvester
By: N. Ismail and M.A. Salim
Abstract:
This paper presents an evaluation model of modal damping for graphene and silver nanoparticles on vibration based electromagnetic energy harvester. The conductive inks were printed on aluminum plate was tested by impulse waveform with vibration base system shaker and data physic. Modal damping test was done to evaluate and determined the damping coefficient of graphene and silver conductive ink. Damping test shows that damping coefficient of graphene conductive ink is higher than silver conductive ink.
An evaluation method of modal damping for silver/graphene nanoparticle on vibration based electromagnetic energy harvester
By: N. Ismail and M.A. Salim
Abstract:
This paper presents an evaluation model of modal damping for graphene and silver nanoparticles on vibration based electromagnetic energy harvester. The conductive inks were printed on aluminum plate was tested by impulse waveform with vibration base system shaker and data physic. Modal damping test was done to evaluate and determined the damping coefficient of graphene and silver conductive ink. Damping test shows that damping coefficient of graphene conductive ink is higher than silver conductive ink.
Full paper: Paper ID 9 |
Paper ID: 12
Thermal expansion properties of fused borosilicate syntactic foams
By: Z. Salleh, M. M. Islam, J. Epaarachchi, Y.A. Ahmed
Abstract:
The coefficient thermal expansion, a (CTE) of glass microballoon/vinyl ester syntactic foam was determined using dimensional changes of a temperature gradient plot. The CTE was measured and found to be up to 53-63 % lower than the vinyl ester resin matrix when mixing with different weight percentages of the glass microballoon ranging from 2 wt.% to 10 wt.% using a thermomechanical analyzer (TMA). The results of CTE showed that it has a strong relationship with the syntactic foam density (r), radius ration (h) ,cavity porosity (fg) and matrix porosity (fm). Experimental results showed that the CTE decreases when glass microballoons are added into the composites measured at different temperatures ranging from 30 oC to 70 °C. The CTE from the experimental results were also compared with Turner’s modification model for composites for its suitability for thermal expansion of syntactic foams. The results indicate that Turner’s modification model exhibits a close correlation with the reduction up to 80 % of CTE based on experiment.
Thermal expansion properties of fused borosilicate syntactic foams
By: Z. Salleh, M. M. Islam, J. Epaarachchi, Y.A. Ahmed
Abstract:
The coefficient thermal expansion, a (CTE) of glass microballoon/vinyl ester syntactic foam was determined using dimensional changes of a temperature gradient plot. The CTE was measured and found to be up to 53-63 % lower than the vinyl ester resin matrix when mixing with different weight percentages of the glass microballoon ranging from 2 wt.% to 10 wt.% using a thermomechanical analyzer (TMA). The results of CTE showed that it has a strong relationship with the syntactic foam density (r), radius ration (h) ,cavity porosity (fg) and matrix porosity (fm). Experimental results showed that the CTE decreases when glass microballoons are added into the composites measured at different temperatures ranging from 30 oC to 70 °C. The CTE from the experimental results were also compared with Turner’s modification model for composites for its suitability for thermal expansion of syntactic foams. The results indicate that Turner’s modification model exhibits a close correlation with the reduction up to 80 % of CTE based on experiment.
Full paper: Paper ID 12 |
Paper ID: 14
Flexural Properties of hybrid oil palm empty fruit bunch and kenaf reinforced epoxy composite laminates at various ply stacking sequence
By: M.R. Mansor, M.A.A. Hadi, M.J. Taufiq, M.Z. Akop and A. M. Saad
Abstract:
In this paper, the effect of ply stacking sequence of novel hybrid oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) and kenaf fibers reinforced epoxy composite laminates is investigated based on four various ply stacking sequences. Three types of fibers were used in the composites fabrication, namely short fiber (sf) OPEFB, short fiber (sf) kenaf and woven kenaf mat. Epoxy was selected as the composites thermoset matrix ranging from 58.1 wt% until 68.6 wt%. The hybrid composite laminates were fabricated by using hot compression moulding process (at 25 psi and room temperature). All samples were prepared based on steel mould with fixed length x width x height of 200 mm x 200 mm x 3 mm. Flexural tests were later conducted based on ASTM D790 standard. Results from the tests revealed that kenaf_sf/OPEFB_sf/kenaf_sf ply stacking produced the highest flexural modulus (3.92 MPa) while the lowest flexural modulus was obtained for OPEFB_sf/kenaf_sf/OPEFB_sf ply stacking (3.16 GPa). Furthermore, kenaf_mat/OPEFB_sf/kenaf_mat ply stacking produced the highest flexural strength (77.91 MPa) while the lowest flexural strength was obtained for OPEFB_sf/kenaf_mat/OPEFB_sf (55.45 MPa). The obtained results showed that hybrid composite laminates with higher kenaf fiber loading were able to yield higher flexural properties. In addition, hybrid composite laminates ply stacking sequence with higher kenaf mat was able to provide higher flexural strength, while highest flexural modulus was influenced with the use of higher kenaf sf.
Flexural Properties of hybrid oil palm empty fruit bunch and kenaf reinforced epoxy composite laminates at various ply stacking sequence
By: M.R. Mansor, M.A.A. Hadi, M.J. Taufiq, M.Z. Akop and A. M. Saad
Abstract:
In this paper, the effect of ply stacking sequence of novel hybrid oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) and kenaf fibers reinforced epoxy composite laminates is investigated based on four various ply stacking sequences. Three types of fibers were used in the composites fabrication, namely short fiber (sf) OPEFB, short fiber (sf) kenaf and woven kenaf mat. Epoxy was selected as the composites thermoset matrix ranging from 58.1 wt% until 68.6 wt%. The hybrid composite laminates were fabricated by using hot compression moulding process (at 25 psi and room temperature). All samples were prepared based on steel mould with fixed length x width x height of 200 mm x 200 mm x 3 mm. Flexural tests were later conducted based on ASTM D790 standard. Results from the tests revealed that kenaf_sf/OPEFB_sf/kenaf_sf ply stacking produced the highest flexural modulus (3.92 MPa) while the lowest flexural modulus was obtained for OPEFB_sf/kenaf_sf/OPEFB_sf ply stacking (3.16 GPa). Furthermore, kenaf_mat/OPEFB_sf/kenaf_mat ply stacking produced the highest flexural strength (77.91 MPa) while the lowest flexural strength was obtained for OPEFB_sf/kenaf_mat/OPEFB_sf (55.45 MPa). The obtained results showed that hybrid composite laminates with higher kenaf fiber loading were able to yield higher flexural properties. In addition, hybrid composite laminates ply stacking sequence with higher kenaf mat was able to provide higher flexural strength, while highest flexural modulus was influenced with the use of higher kenaf sf.
Full paper: Paper ID 14 |
Paper ID: 15
Concept and control techniques on the development of an autonomous solar tracker
By: A. Khusairy
Abstract:
Since the fixed solar panel drives to inefficient for high power consumption and brought to confine the energy generating capability as it unable to capture optimum sunlight, the solar panel have to be aligned perpendicularly with the sunlight in ensuring high efficiency of solar energy system. This paper presents a development of an autonomous solar tracker which focused on the concept and control techniques. This solar tracker has been developed in order to capture optimum solar power for the electrical generation efficiency. The control techniques will drive tracks the angle and the direction of the accurate sun rays throughout the UV sensor, pyranometer.
Concept and control techniques on the development of an autonomous solar tracker
By: A. Khusairy
Abstract:
Since the fixed solar panel drives to inefficient for high power consumption and brought to confine the energy generating capability as it unable to capture optimum sunlight, the solar panel have to be aligned perpendicularly with the sunlight in ensuring high efficiency of solar energy system. This paper presents a development of an autonomous solar tracker which focused on the concept and control techniques. This solar tracker has been developed in order to capture optimum solar power for the electrical generation efficiency. The control techniques will drive tracks the angle and the direction of the accurate sun rays throughout the UV sensor, pyranometer.
Full paper: Paper ID 15 |
Paper ID: 16
Effect of pineapple leaf fiber as a reinforced for automotive interior parts
By: M.A.M. Daud, A. N. Kasim, M. Z. Selamat, M.B. Ali and K. A. Zakaria
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of pineapple leaf fiber as a reinforced in polymer matrix composite. The specimen made of varying percentage composition of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) and polypropylene (PP). The process was starting with preparation from raw pineapple leaf and then treated with alkaline treatment. PALF and PP were compounded using hot compression process by using hot press and cooling machine to create a sample. The composite samples were prepared according to the standard requirement to perform for tensile test (ASTM D3039) and density test (ASTM D792). From this study, can be identified that 10 wt% of fiber loading is the best achiever for the composition structure of PALF/PP composite.
Effect of pineapple leaf fiber as a reinforced for automotive interior parts
By: M.A.M. Daud, A. N. Kasim, M. Z. Selamat, M.B. Ali and K. A. Zakaria
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of pineapple leaf fiber as a reinforced in polymer matrix composite. The specimen made of varying percentage composition of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) and polypropylene (PP). The process was starting with preparation from raw pineapple leaf and then treated with alkaline treatment. PALF and PP were compounded using hot compression process by using hot press and cooling machine to create a sample. The composite samples were prepared according to the standard requirement to perform for tensile test (ASTM D3039) and density test (ASTM D792). From this study, can be identified that 10 wt% of fiber loading is the best achiever for the composition structure of PALF/PP composite.
Full paper: Paper ID 16 |
Paper ID: 17
Carbon emissions measurement using portable emission device in coastal fishing boats
By: I.Zainol, Ahmad Z.M., Ridwan S.N., Kamal A., Z. Salleh
Abstract:
This paper measure the carbon emission from small scale fishing boats. Carbon emissions were measured from two types Class A Malaysian fishing boats marine engines covering various size of inboard engines and outboard engines. The gas emission analyser MSA Altair 5X used is portable and easy to handle. Selected fishing boats were sampled from a total of 664 fishing boats operates in Manjung, Perak. The results of carbon emission measurement were presented in parts per million (ppm). The outboard powered fishing boats recorded the highest carbon value in ppm about 2000 ppm meanwhile inboard powered fishing boats constitutes slightly less carbon emission with 379 ppm. The results signify that outboard engine fueled by petrol producing more carbon value if compared with inboard diesel engine. These results can be an initial data for carbon emission inventory for local fishing boats.
Carbon emissions measurement using portable emission device in coastal fishing boats
By: I.Zainol, Ahmad Z.M., Ridwan S.N., Kamal A., Z. Salleh
Abstract:
This paper measure the carbon emission from small scale fishing boats. Carbon emissions were measured from two types Class A Malaysian fishing boats marine engines covering various size of inboard engines and outboard engines. The gas emission analyser MSA Altair 5X used is portable and easy to handle. Selected fishing boats were sampled from a total of 664 fishing boats operates in Manjung, Perak. The results of carbon emission measurement were presented in parts per million (ppm). The outboard powered fishing boats recorded the highest carbon value in ppm about 2000 ppm meanwhile inboard powered fishing boats constitutes slightly less carbon emission with 379 ppm. The results signify that outboard engine fueled by petrol producing more carbon value if compared with inboard diesel engine. These results can be an initial data for carbon emission inventory for local fishing boats.
Full paper: Paper ID 17 |
Paper ID: 18
Modified skyhook control to improve ride quality of railway vehicle
By: M. Hanif Harun, M. Z. M. Nasir, M. Hafiz Harun, A. Md Saad
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to study the performance of secondary suspension system of railway vehicle with passive and semi-active systems. The governing equation of five degrees of freedom (5-DOF) railway vehicle model which includes a vehicle body, two sets of bogie are derived and formulated. Two control strategies were used for secondary suspension namely skyhook and modified skyhook controllers. The results of passive and semi-active controls of are compared in terms of railway vehicle body acceleration, body displacement and body roll angle. It can also be noted that the modification of skyhook control is able to improve the performance of ride quality effectively.
Modified skyhook control to improve ride quality of railway vehicle
By: M. Hanif Harun, M. Z. M. Nasir, M. Hafiz Harun, A. Md Saad
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to study the performance of secondary suspension system of railway vehicle with passive and semi-active systems. The governing equation of five degrees of freedom (5-DOF) railway vehicle model which includes a vehicle body, two sets of bogie are derived and formulated. Two control strategies were used for secondary suspension namely skyhook and modified skyhook controllers. The results of passive and semi-active controls of are compared in terms of railway vehicle body acceleration, body displacement and body roll angle. It can also be noted that the modification of skyhook control is able to improve the performance of ride quality effectively.
Full paper: Paper ID 18 |
Paper ID: 19
Review on the design structure and research implemented on electronic wedge brake
By: S. I. Haris, F. Ahmad , A. K. M. Yamin, and A. Md Saad
Abstract:
In this paper, an overview of electronic wedge brake (EWB) design and control is presented. The related issues of brake-by-wire are also raised, whereas the types of brake-by-wire are explored. Furthermore, the discussion on implementations of EWB in vehicles as well as in ABS system is also presented to provide better insight into the application of EWB in vehicle braking system.
Review on the design structure and research implemented on electronic wedge brake
By: S. I. Haris, F. Ahmad , A. K. M. Yamin, and A. Md Saad
Abstract:
In this paper, an overview of electronic wedge brake (EWB) design and control is presented. The related issues of brake-by-wire are also raised, whereas the types of brake-by-wire are explored. Furthermore, the discussion on implementations of EWB in vehicles as well as in ABS system is also presented to provide better insight into the application of EWB in vehicle braking system.
Full paper: Paper ID 19 |
Paper ID: 20
Effect of chemical treatment on substrate surface for MWCNT-filled epoxy electrically conductive adhesives
By: W.A.W.A. Rahman, S.H.S.M. Fadzullah, M.M. Nasaruddin, G. Omar and M.B. Ramli
Abstract:
Surface treatment of aluminium substrate is one of the alternative method to enhance the strength of the composite ECA adhesive bonding. This paper investigates the effect of chemical surface treatment on aluminium substrate on the mechanical performance of electrically conductive adhesive (ECA). The experimental results revealed that the chemically etched aluminium substrate exhibit higher surface roughness as compared to the as-received aluminium substrate, which is due to high concentration of voids with large opening structure on the surface of former the as-received substrate. The result from lap-shear test reveal that the ECA bonded to chemically etched aluminium substrate exhibits higher shear strength than ECA bonded to as-received aluminium substrate. Such observation is possibly due to high surface roughness and surface wettability that enhance the effective bond area between ECA/substrate interface, which results in enhanced mechanical interlocking of the ECA onto the substrate.
Effect of chemical treatment on substrate surface for MWCNT-filled epoxy electrically conductive adhesives
By: W.A.W.A. Rahman, S.H.S.M. Fadzullah, M.M. Nasaruddin, G. Omar and M.B. Ramli
Abstract:
Surface treatment of aluminium substrate is one of the alternative method to enhance the strength of the composite ECA adhesive bonding. This paper investigates the effect of chemical surface treatment on aluminium substrate on the mechanical performance of electrically conductive adhesive (ECA). The experimental results revealed that the chemically etched aluminium substrate exhibit higher surface roughness as compared to the as-received aluminium substrate, which is due to high concentration of voids with large opening structure on the surface of former the as-received substrate. The result from lap-shear test reveal that the ECA bonded to chemically etched aluminium substrate exhibits higher shear strength than ECA bonded to as-received aluminium substrate. Such observation is possibly due to high surface roughness and surface wettability that enhance the effective bond area between ECA/substrate interface, which results in enhanced mechanical interlocking of the ECA onto the substrate.
Full paper: Paper ID 20 |
Paper ID: 21
Influence of gear ratio pattern on vehicle acceleration performance
By: A. Md Saad, A. Samsuri, F.A.A. Kadir, M.H. Harun, F. Ahmad,M.A. Salim, M.R. Mansor and M.Z. Akop
Abstract:
This paper presents the influence of gear ratio on vehicle acceleration performance particularly on small MPV B-segment vehicle. It is due the customer requirement of having acceleration performance of this type of vehicle to be comparable with the passenger cars. Gear ratio pattern is investigated by using mathematical modeling simulation approach. 5 sets of gear ratio are used including 3 sets of customized configurations. The customization is carried out by using geometric progression approach. The results of the simulation reveals that customized gear ratio that using increment geometric progression of 10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40 % between the ratios has the best acceleration performance. It clocks only 8.8 s for the vehicle to accelerate from 0 to 110 km/h. It proves that gear ratio pattern has a great influence in vehicle acceleration performance.
Influence of gear ratio pattern on vehicle acceleration performance
By: A. Md Saad, A. Samsuri, F.A.A. Kadir, M.H. Harun, F. Ahmad,M.A. Salim, M.R. Mansor and M.Z. Akop
Abstract:
This paper presents the influence of gear ratio on vehicle acceleration performance particularly on small MPV B-segment vehicle. It is due the customer requirement of having acceleration performance of this type of vehicle to be comparable with the passenger cars. Gear ratio pattern is investigated by using mathematical modeling simulation approach. 5 sets of gear ratio are used including 3 sets of customized configurations. The customization is carried out by using geometric progression approach. The results of the simulation reveals that customized gear ratio that using increment geometric progression of 10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40 % between the ratios has the best acceleration performance. It clocks only 8.8 s for the vehicle to accelerate from 0 to 110 km/h. It proves that gear ratio pattern has a great influence in vehicle acceleration performance.
Full paper: Paper ID 21 |
Paper ID: 22
Frictional performance of banana peel blended paraffin oil under high loading capacity and high temperature
By: N. A. B. Masripan, Z. B. A. Rashid , H. S. O. Al-Nasrawi, M. F. B. Abdollah, G. Omar, A. H. Nurfaizey, M.A. Salim, M.Z. Akop, M.R. Mansor and I. S. B. Mohamed
Abstract:
Increased severity in operating conditions coupled with the environmental and toxicity issues related with using conventional lubricants. In addition, high price of fossil fuels has led to exploration of new kind natural additives as bio-lubricant. Banana Peel as agricultural wastes are potential to be developed as bio-oils that to replace the petroleum products, due to their environmentally friendly characteristics, biodegradable, nontoxic and renewable. The purpose of this study is to determine tribological properties as bio-lubricant under severe operation conditions to identify their ability for lubricants. Tribological performance of Banana Peel (BP) as a bio-lubricant was tested using four-ball test according to ASTM D 2783-03. Experimental results showed significant improvement in overall performance with increased BP content compared with paraffin oil (PO) through coefficient of friction parameter (COF) at 100 ˚C, lower value of COF which 0.086 for 50 %BP followed by 20% BP, 5% BP and 100 %PO at values 0.089, 0.456 and 0.595 respectively. As results, banana peel as extreme pressure additives has been proven itself able for use in lubrication applications in industry.
Frictional performance of banana peel blended paraffin oil under high loading capacity and high temperature
By: N. A. B. Masripan, Z. B. A. Rashid , H. S. O. Al-Nasrawi, M. F. B. Abdollah, G. Omar, A. H. Nurfaizey, M.A. Salim, M.Z. Akop, M.R. Mansor and I. S. B. Mohamed
Abstract:
Increased severity in operating conditions coupled with the environmental and toxicity issues related with using conventional lubricants. In addition, high price of fossil fuels has led to exploration of new kind natural additives as bio-lubricant. Banana Peel as agricultural wastes are potential to be developed as bio-oils that to replace the petroleum products, due to their environmentally friendly characteristics, biodegradable, nontoxic and renewable. The purpose of this study is to determine tribological properties as bio-lubricant under severe operation conditions to identify their ability for lubricants. Tribological performance of Banana Peel (BP) as a bio-lubricant was tested using four-ball test according to ASTM D 2783-03. Experimental results showed significant improvement in overall performance with increased BP content compared with paraffin oil (PO) through coefficient of friction parameter (COF) at 100 ˚C, lower value of COF which 0.086 for 50 %BP followed by 20% BP, 5% BP and 100 %PO at values 0.089, 0.456 and 0.595 respectively. As results, banana peel as extreme pressure additives has been proven itself able for use in lubrication applications in industry.
Full paper: Paper ID 22 |
Paper ID: 23
An improvement of motor control unit for SBW steering system
By: M.Z.M. Nasir, M.H. Harun, F. Ahmad, A.R. Dwijotomo, H.M.S. Firdaus and M.A. Abdullah
Abstract:
A steer by wire concept is used for preparing an automatic steering system in this research. The motor control unit is developed attach with rack and pinion steering system to follow the desired direction. This paper present ECU consist microcontroller with motor driver using H bridge system. Based on experiment for DLC and slalom input steering, the electric steering system that are developed using actual rack pinion type with the integration of the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and sensors produce more accurate and smoothly with a little noise and 0.03 second delayed.
An improvement of motor control unit for SBW steering system
By: M.Z.M. Nasir, M.H. Harun, F. Ahmad, A.R. Dwijotomo, H.M.S. Firdaus and M.A. Abdullah
Abstract:
A steer by wire concept is used for preparing an automatic steering system in this research. The motor control unit is developed attach with rack and pinion steering system to follow the desired direction. This paper present ECU consist microcontroller with motor driver using H bridge system. Based on experiment for DLC and slalom input steering, the electric steering system that are developed using actual rack pinion type with the integration of the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) and sensors produce more accurate and smoothly with a little noise and 0.03 second delayed.
Full paper: Paper ID 23 |
Paper ID: 24
Selection of natural fiber for fiber metal laminate
By: D. Sivakumar, N.M. Ishak and N.F. Ruslan
Abstract:
Due to the increasing awareness on environmental impact and subsequently the needs towards sustainability, weight reduction of the vehicles is one of the most promising solution towards achieving the reduction in CO2 emissions which improves the fuel efficiency. Fibre metal laminate is a new range of lightweight hybrid materials with high fatigue resistance, toughness, strength and energy-absorbing capacity. Natural fibre-reinforced composites have been attracting the attention of scientists and manufacturers as they are biodegradable, environmentally friendly, lightweight, and inexpensive. Therefore, the interesting physical and mechanical properties exhibited by a combination of natural fibre and metal laminates deserve further investigation. This research presents the selection of the natural fibre for fibre metal laminates for use in automotive body panels. The material selection was carried out using CES Edupack software and the Pugh method for analysis. Based on the analysis kenaf fibre was determined to be the appropriate material that fulfilled the objective constraints of this study, namely, lightweight materials at a minimal cost with maximum performance.
Selection of natural fiber for fiber metal laminate
By: D. Sivakumar, N.M. Ishak and N.F. Ruslan
Abstract:
Due to the increasing awareness on environmental impact and subsequently the needs towards sustainability, weight reduction of the vehicles is one of the most promising solution towards achieving the reduction in CO2 emissions which improves the fuel efficiency. Fibre metal laminate is a new range of lightweight hybrid materials with high fatigue resistance, toughness, strength and energy-absorbing capacity. Natural fibre-reinforced composites have been attracting the attention of scientists and manufacturers as they are biodegradable, environmentally friendly, lightweight, and inexpensive. Therefore, the interesting physical and mechanical properties exhibited by a combination of natural fibre and metal laminates deserve further investigation. This research presents the selection of the natural fibre for fibre metal laminates for use in automotive body panels. The material selection was carried out using CES Edupack software and the Pugh method for analysis. Based on the analysis kenaf fibre was determined to be the appropriate material that fulfilled the objective constraints of this study, namely, lightweight materials at a minimal cost with maximum performance.
Full paper: Paper ID 24 |
Paper ID: 25
The effect of forearm rotation and handedness on handgrip strength among Malaysian male youth in sitting position
By: S. Mat, I. Halim, R.Z. Radin Umar, M.S. Syed Muhamed, H. Azman and M.F. Mohammad Fariq
Abstract:
Handgrip strength is related to many factors in determining a human’s body health. Handgrip strength (HGS) is correlated with the general strength of the body, which are the upper extremity and also some anthropometric measurements. The objective of this paper study is to find the effect of forearm rotation on handgrip strength in youth males during sitting position. Data from a total of 200 subjects aging from 19-30 years old are collected for analysis. The subjects involved in this study were measured using a standardized protocol that is the ASHT protocol where the instrument used is the JAMAR handgrip dynamometer. The data obtained is analyzed using ANOVA statistical method. The finding states that the handedness, the left handed group was found to have slightly greater HGS as compared to right handed subjects. Forearm rotation also was found to have significant effect on HGS. The analysis shows that for both right and left handed subject, the supination and neutral forearm rotation produced greater HGS than the pronation. Handedness has no effect on HGS produced by subject. As for the conclusion, different forearm rotation and handedness group can affect handgrip strength.
The effect of forearm rotation and handedness on handgrip strength among Malaysian male youth in sitting position
By: S. Mat, I. Halim, R.Z. Radin Umar, M.S. Syed Muhamed, H. Azman and M.F. Mohammad Fariq
Abstract:
Handgrip strength is related to many factors in determining a human’s body health. Handgrip strength (HGS) is correlated with the general strength of the body, which are the upper extremity and also some anthropometric measurements. The objective of this paper study is to find the effect of forearm rotation on handgrip strength in youth males during sitting position. Data from a total of 200 subjects aging from 19-30 years old are collected for analysis. The subjects involved in this study were measured using a standardized protocol that is the ASHT protocol where the instrument used is the JAMAR handgrip dynamometer. The data obtained is analyzed using ANOVA statistical method. The finding states that the handedness, the left handed group was found to have slightly greater HGS as compared to right handed subjects. Forearm rotation also was found to have significant effect on HGS. The analysis shows that for both right and left handed subject, the supination and neutral forearm rotation produced greater HGS than the pronation. Handedness has no effect on HGS produced by subject. As for the conclusion, different forearm rotation and handedness group can affect handgrip strength.
Full paper: Paper ID 25 |
Paper ID: 26
A simulation study on disturbance rejection control of railway vehicle secondary lateral suspension system
By: M. Hanif Harun, M. Z. M. Nasir, M. Hafiz Harun, A. Md Saad, F. Ahmad
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to study the performance of secondary suspension system of railway vehicle with passive and semi-active systems. A3-DOF railway vehicle suspension model is governed which includes a half railway vehicle body and a set of bogie which are connected by secondary suspension system. A disturbance rejection control known as Stability Augmentation is presented to improve the performance of railway vehicle ride quality. The simulation results show that the disturbance rejection control is able to cancel out unwanted force which is produced from track irregularity.
A simulation study on disturbance rejection control of railway vehicle secondary lateral suspension system
By: M. Hanif Harun, M. Z. M. Nasir, M. Hafiz Harun, A. Md Saad, F. Ahmad
Abstract:
The aim of this paper is to study the performance of secondary suspension system of railway vehicle with passive and semi-active systems. A3-DOF railway vehicle suspension model is governed which includes a half railway vehicle body and a set of bogie which are connected by secondary suspension system. A disturbance rejection control known as Stability Augmentation is presented to improve the performance of railway vehicle ride quality. The simulation results show that the disturbance rejection control is able to cancel out unwanted force which is produced from track irregularity.
Full paper: Paper ID 26 |
Paper ID: 27
Performance comparison between PID and PI-D controllers for electro-hydraulic cylinder
By: Zairulazha Zainal, Saleha Mohamad Saleh, Shamsul Anuar Shamsudin, Mohd Khairi Mohamed Nor and Mohd Juzaila Abd Latif
Abstract:
The objective of this paper is to compare the time specification performance between two conventional controllers for an electro-hydraulic cylinder. The goal is to determine which control strategy provides better performance with respect to hydraulic cylinder position. The hydraulic cylinder is one of hydraulic actuators that convert hydraulic power into useful mechanical works. Two controllers are presented such as Proportional Integral Derivatives (PID) controllers and Proportional Integral-Derivatives (PI-D) for controlling the linearized system of electro-hydraulic cylinder. Simulation study shows that both controllers are capable to control the position of the cylinder effectively. The results show that PI-D produced similar response compared to PID control strategies. Moreover, the effect of derivative elements in both configuration shows PI-D configuration has a better response compared with PID configuration.
Performance comparison between PID and PI-D controllers for electro-hydraulic cylinder
By: Zairulazha Zainal, Saleha Mohamad Saleh, Shamsul Anuar Shamsudin, Mohd Khairi Mohamed Nor and Mohd Juzaila Abd Latif
Abstract:
The objective of this paper is to compare the time specification performance between two conventional controllers for an electro-hydraulic cylinder. The goal is to determine which control strategy provides better performance with respect to hydraulic cylinder position. The hydraulic cylinder is one of hydraulic actuators that convert hydraulic power into useful mechanical works. Two controllers are presented such as Proportional Integral Derivatives (PID) controllers and Proportional Integral-Derivatives (PI-D) for controlling the linearized system of electro-hydraulic cylinder. Simulation study shows that both controllers are capable to control the position of the cylinder effectively. The results show that PI-D produced similar response compared to PID control strategies. Moreover, the effect of derivative elements in both configuration shows PI-D configuration has a better response compared with PID configuration.
Full paper: Paper ID 27 |
Paper ID: 28
Effect of synthetic jet actuator location on the aerodynamic performance of backward-facing step
By: Y.S. Teo, S.Y. Cheng and M.S. Zakaria
Abstract:
The present paper studied the effectiveness of synthetic jet actuator in altering the aerodynamic characteristics of a backward-facing step under the influence of the jet position. The 2D, compressible, unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations were solved to estimate the aerodynamic drag and lift forces of the step. For the single jet cases, the best location is placing the actuator at the separation point. Such optimal setting can produce up to about 26% and 23% drag and lift reductions, respectively. Furthermore, when comparing to the single actuator case, the use of two actuators has shown higher reduction in drag. However, it is relatively less effective in regard to lift reduction.
Effect of synthetic jet actuator location on the aerodynamic performance of backward-facing step
By: Y.S. Teo, S.Y. Cheng and M.S. Zakaria
Abstract:
The present paper studied the effectiveness of synthetic jet actuator in altering the aerodynamic characteristics of a backward-facing step under the influence of the jet position. The 2D, compressible, unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations were solved to estimate the aerodynamic drag and lift forces of the step. For the single jet cases, the best location is placing the actuator at the separation point. Such optimal setting can produce up to about 26% and 23% drag and lift reductions, respectively. Furthermore, when comparing to the single actuator case, the use of two actuators has shown higher reduction in drag. However, it is relatively less effective in regard to lift reduction.
Full paper: Paper ID 28 |
Paper ID: 29
Design and fabrication of cyclic bending test apparatus for flexible printed electronics
By: M. R. Mansor, M. K. Sulaiman, R. N. H. Raja Norazli, S. A. Azli, F. Wasbari, A. Md Saad and M.Z. Akop
Abstract:
This paper presents the design and fabrication of a customized cyclic bending test apparatus for flexible printed electronic (FPE) applications. In general, FPE is made from flexible substrate and attached with electrically conductive polymer composites paste using printing method to form the board circuitry. Cyclic bending test is one the method applied to determine the reliability of FPE, by applying continuous cycle of bending loads to the samples at varying number of bending cycles and varying bending speed. The developed cyclic bending test apparatus consists of a DC electric motor, sample holder, and slider-crank linkages. The electrical input can be supplied either using a battery or from source measurement unit (source meter). The resistivity value of the circuit before and after subjected to cyclic bending load were measured either using Four-Point probe apparatus or digital multimeter. The outcome of the project was a simple, portable, low cost and workable cyclic bending apparatus for FPE reliability laboratory scale studies.
Design and fabrication of cyclic bending test apparatus for flexible printed electronics
By: M. R. Mansor, M. K. Sulaiman, R. N. H. Raja Norazli, S. A. Azli, F. Wasbari, A. Md Saad and M.Z. Akop
Abstract:
This paper presents the design and fabrication of a customized cyclic bending test apparatus for flexible printed electronic (FPE) applications. In general, FPE is made from flexible substrate and attached with electrically conductive polymer composites paste using printing method to form the board circuitry. Cyclic bending test is one the method applied to determine the reliability of FPE, by applying continuous cycle of bending loads to the samples at varying number of bending cycles and varying bending speed. The developed cyclic bending test apparatus consists of a DC electric motor, sample holder, and slider-crank linkages. The electrical input can be supplied either using a battery or from source measurement unit (source meter). The resistivity value of the circuit before and after subjected to cyclic bending load were measured either using Four-Point probe apparatus or digital multimeter. The outcome of the project was a simple, portable, low cost and workable cyclic bending apparatus for FPE reliability laboratory scale studies.
Full paper: Paper ID 29 |
Paper ID: 30
Wear behaviour of helical gear in a power recirculating configuration under torsional loading
By: A.H.A. Hamid, R.M. Dan, A. Putra, M.N Salim and R.K. Mazlan
Abstract:
Helical gears have a high load carrying capacity and is most commonly utilized in high speed applications. Condition monitoring is performed in order to obtain an efficient component replacement of a machine to prevent failures. One of the techniques of condition monitoring is through wear debris analysis where particles removed through wear is analyzed from the lubricants. The focus of this research is to investigate the wear behavior of carbon steel helical gear operating in a power recirculating and torsional loading. Helical gears were tested on a power recirculating gear test rig with constant loads of up to 40 Nm and speed of 1000 rpm. The samples were analyzed using wear debris analysis and particle count analysis. The wear behavior exhibits stage of wear modes at certain point in the gear cycles which varies slightly than a typical gear meshing under uniform loading.
Wear behaviour of helical gear in a power recirculating configuration under torsional loading
By: A.H.A. Hamid, R.M. Dan, A. Putra, M.N Salim and R.K. Mazlan
Abstract:
Helical gears have a high load carrying capacity and is most commonly utilized in high speed applications. Condition monitoring is performed in order to obtain an efficient component replacement of a machine to prevent failures. One of the techniques of condition monitoring is through wear debris analysis where particles removed through wear is analyzed from the lubricants. The focus of this research is to investigate the wear behavior of carbon steel helical gear operating in a power recirculating and torsional loading. Helical gears were tested on a power recirculating gear test rig with constant loads of up to 40 Nm and speed of 1000 rpm. The samples were analyzed using wear debris analysis and particle count analysis. The wear behavior exhibits stage of wear modes at certain point in the gear cycles which varies slightly than a typical gear meshing under uniform loading.
Full paper: Paper ID 30 |
Paper ID: 31
An experimental investigation on determining Proton Preve manual transmission alternator potential to power hydrogen separator cell
By: R.K. Mazlan, R.M. Dan , M.Z. Zakaria and A.H.A. Hamid
Abstract:
This paper presents measurement of alternator output current at idle speed to find the potential of the alternator to power a hydrogen separator cell. Proton Preve 1.6L manual transmission with alternator power rating of 12V/90A is used for the experiment. The car engine was running at idle speed and a digital AC/DC clamp was used to measure the current at the alternator output. A k-type thermocouple was used to measure the temperature at the alternator stator. The loads were applied by turning on the available electrical devices in the car in sequence. Meanwhile, the hydrogen separator cell was tested by turning it on power using a DC power supply. The DC power supply gives the current amount the hydrogen separator cell required to produce the desired amount of at least 100 ml/min hydrogen gas. The alternator has the potential to support the current demand by the hydrogen separator cell even after turning on all of the available electrical devices at idle speed. Although the temperature at the alternator stator rises due to the added load, but the temperature is still within safe temperature ranges. The result shows that Proton Preve has the potential to install the hydrogen separator cell.
An experimental investigation on determining Proton Preve manual transmission alternator potential to power hydrogen separator cell
By: R.K. Mazlan, R.M. Dan , M.Z. Zakaria and A.H.A. Hamid
Abstract:
This paper presents measurement of alternator output current at idle speed to find the potential of the alternator to power a hydrogen separator cell. Proton Preve 1.6L manual transmission with alternator power rating of 12V/90A is used for the experiment. The car engine was running at idle speed and a digital AC/DC clamp was used to measure the current at the alternator output. A k-type thermocouple was used to measure the temperature at the alternator stator. The loads were applied by turning on the available electrical devices in the car in sequence. Meanwhile, the hydrogen separator cell was tested by turning it on power using a DC power supply. The DC power supply gives the current amount the hydrogen separator cell required to produce the desired amount of at least 100 ml/min hydrogen gas. The alternator has the potential to support the current demand by the hydrogen separator cell even after turning on all of the available electrical devices at idle speed. Although the temperature at the alternator stator rises due to the added load, but the temperature is still within safe temperature ranges. The result shows that Proton Preve has the potential to install the hydrogen separator cell.
Full paper: Paper ID 31 |
Paper ID: 32
Prioritizing material selection requirements for incinerator using Analytic Hierarchy Process
By: M.T. Mastura, Z. Mahanum and M. Nur Hazwani
Abstract:
A decision making tools using AHP was conducted to design and develop a sustainable eco-friendly low cost incinerator. This articles provides a structured and effective prioritizing process of material selection requirements using decision making tools. As a result, environmentally safe as one of the alternatives obtained the highest value which is 13.4% amongst the other alternatives. Young’s modulus as one of the mechanical properties criteria gained the lowest by 3.7%. This indicates that environmental elements are more important requirements for the materials of design incinerator.
Prioritizing material selection requirements for incinerator using Analytic Hierarchy Process
By: M.T. Mastura, Z. Mahanum and M. Nur Hazwani
Abstract:
A decision making tools using AHP was conducted to design and develop a sustainable eco-friendly low cost incinerator. This articles provides a structured and effective prioritizing process of material selection requirements using decision making tools. As a result, environmentally safe as one of the alternatives obtained the highest value which is 13.4% amongst the other alternatives. Young’s modulus as one of the mechanical properties criteria gained the lowest by 3.7%. This indicates that environmental elements are more important requirements for the materials of design incinerator.
Full paper: Paper ID 32 |
Paper ID: 33
Axial symmetry model of corrosion activities on carbon steel surface in neutral aqueous chloride solution
By: S. Salleh, A. Ekhwan and N. Stevens
Abstract:
This paper presents the modelling of corrosion activities of carbon steel when it is immersed in aqueous sodium chloride solution. The bulk solution is taken as neutral, which is pH 7. By using COMSOL Multiphysics as tool, a two-dimensional axial symmetry geometry was constructed to represent a microscale pit. Thermodynamics formula based on Pourbaix diagram of iron were applied in the model and thus, allowing the predictions of active corrosion activities. The corrosion predictions that account for the ionic species being considered suggest the occurrence of active corrosion activities. The results show that metal dissolution occurs when the model is solved for a certain range of time.
Axial symmetry model of corrosion activities on carbon steel surface in neutral aqueous chloride solution
By: S. Salleh, A. Ekhwan and N. Stevens
Abstract:
This paper presents the modelling of corrosion activities of carbon steel when it is immersed in aqueous sodium chloride solution. The bulk solution is taken as neutral, which is pH 7. By using COMSOL Multiphysics as tool, a two-dimensional axial symmetry geometry was constructed to represent a microscale pit. Thermodynamics formula based on Pourbaix diagram of iron were applied in the model and thus, allowing the predictions of active corrosion activities. The corrosion predictions that account for the ionic species being considered suggest the occurrence of active corrosion activities. The results show that metal dissolution occurs when the model is solved for a certain range of time.
Full paper: Paper ID 33 |
Paper ID: 34
Thermoplastic materials selection using VIKOR method for automotive part
By: M.A. Shaharuzaman, S.M. Sapuan, M.R. Mansor and M.Y.M. Zuhri
Abstract:
The enforcement on emissions that need to comply by automotive manufacturers has open the market to study the alternative materials such as natural fiber composites (NFCs) that can replace metal based part. The objective of this paper is to find the best thermoplastic material to be the matrix of biocomposites for the automotive part. This paper presents the strategy on using multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) namely VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) in determining the thermoplastic materials as the matrix in biocomposites. Four criteria, six subcriteria and seven alternatives involve in this analysis. The result from VIKOR method shows that polypropylene (PP) with the least VIKOR values, Q is the best matrix to be the NFCs compared to others. This study shows that VIKOR method can solve the multi criteria problems with systematic strategies in finding the ideal solution for the multi criteria problems.
Thermoplastic materials selection using VIKOR method for automotive part
By: M.A. Shaharuzaman, S.M. Sapuan, M.R. Mansor and M.Y.M. Zuhri
Abstract:
The enforcement on emissions that need to comply by automotive manufacturers has open the market to study the alternative materials such as natural fiber composites (NFCs) that can replace metal based part. The objective of this paper is to find the best thermoplastic material to be the matrix of biocomposites for the automotive part. This paper presents the strategy on using multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) namely VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) in determining the thermoplastic materials as the matrix in biocomposites. Four criteria, six subcriteria and seven alternatives involve in this analysis. The result from VIKOR method shows that polypropylene (PP) with the least VIKOR values, Q is the best matrix to be the NFCs compared to others. This study shows that VIKOR method can solve the multi criteria problems with systematic strategies in finding the ideal solution for the multi criteria problems.
Full paper: Paper ID 34 |
Paper ID: 35
Rethinking of some safety issues for heavy vehicles in Malaysia
By: H. I. Md Yusof, S. A. Shamsudin, A. A. Yusof, M. R. Alkahari and F. R. Ramli
Abstract:
There are many reports in the news or other mass media about accidents involving heavy transportation in Malaysia. However, there are safety features to help avoid unexpected incidents from happening and save a lot of lives. Hence, the effectiveness of some safety features are discussed here with the body reflective marker being reviewed for improvement. Furthermore, the performance of heavy vehicles to carry loads when climbing up a hill was also analysed. The method for this project consisted of survey, analyses, calculations, and simulations. The required speed obtained can be a guide to the driver where they need to drive between the 70 km/h and 90 km/h speed range so that not to be an obstruction to other road users.
Rethinking of some safety issues for heavy vehicles in Malaysia
By: H. I. Md Yusof, S. A. Shamsudin, A. A. Yusof, M. R. Alkahari and F. R. Ramli
Abstract:
There are many reports in the news or other mass media about accidents involving heavy transportation in Malaysia. However, there are safety features to help avoid unexpected incidents from happening and save a lot of lives. Hence, the effectiveness of some safety features are discussed here with the body reflective marker being reviewed for improvement. Furthermore, the performance of heavy vehicles to carry loads when climbing up a hill was also analysed. The method for this project consisted of survey, analyses, calculations, and simulations. The required speed obtained can be a guide to the driver where they need to drive between the 70 km/h and 90 km/h speed range so that not to be an obstruction to other road users.
Full paper: Paper ID 35 |
Paper ID: 36
CFD simulation of stratification in liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank
By: Fu Fang Xiong, Mohamad Shukri Zakaria, Cheng See Yuan, Abdul Rafeq Saleman, Ridhwan Jumaidin and Haslina Abdullah
Abstract:
Rollover happen when two stratified Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) reaches density equilibrium and release large amount of vapor in short period causing over-pressurization of the storage tank. The novelty of the present work is to study the relationship between stratification effect with the independent parameter of filling rate, density condition and initial depth of heel LNG by using Computational Fluids Dynamic (CFD) software. Present study also focuses on the review of stratification, different composition effect, filling method and behavior, heat leakage and rollover in both numerical and experimental way. Work done by previous researchers was selected to perform validation test by using numerical simulation and a relative percentage error of 8.76% was obtained showing well agreement between present study simulation with experimental result. The independent parameters which is filling rate, initial depth of heel LNG, and density condition effect on stratification was discussed with detailed. Generally, case study simulation result shows that lower filling rate, deeper height of heel LNG, and smaller initial density difference between two LNG are recommended to reduce stratification level.
CFD simulation of stratification in liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank
By: Fu Fang Xiong, Mohamad Shukri Zakaria, Cheng See Yuan, Abdul Rafeq Saleman, Ridhwan Jumaidin and Haslina Abdullah
Abstract:
Rollover happen when two stratified Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) reaches density equilibrium and release large amount of vapor in short period causing over-pressurization of the storage tank. The novelty of the present work is to study the relationship between stratification effect with the independent parameter of filling rate, density condition and initial depth of heel LNG by using Computational Fluids Dynamic (CFD) software. Present study also focuses on the review of stratification, different composition effect, filling method and behavior, heat leakage and rollover in both numerical and experimental way. Work done by previous researchers was selected to perform validation test by using numerical simulation and a relative percentage error of 8.76% was obtained showing well agreement between present study simulation with experimental result. The independent parameters which is filling rate, initial depth of heel LNG, and density condition effect on stratification was discussed with detailed. Generally, case study simulation result shows that lower filling rate, deeper height of heel LNG, and smaller initial density difference between two LNG are recommended to reduce stratification level.
Full paper: Paper ID 36 |
Paper ID: 38
Preliminary studies on mechanical and physical properties for corn starch blended with glycerol
By: N.H. Zakaria, M. Z. Selamat, M. Z. Ngali, R. Jumaidin and A.F Ab Ghani
Abstract:
This study aims to investigate the mechanical and physical behavior of biodegradable corn starch blended with three different weightage of glycerol for 30, 35 and 40 (wt%). The blend of corn starch and glycerol were prepared by using hot press mold at 165oC at 15 min duration. The related tests such as tensile, density and microstructure analysis used Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) have been performed to characterize their mechanical and physical properties. It is observed that an existence of glycerol in the blend has increased the corn starch tensile properties (tensile strength). The result shown that corn starch with 30 (wt%) glycerol loading recorded the highest tensile strength. Higher loading of glycerol 40 (wt%) has resulted in slight decrease in tensile strength value. The physical test also shown a positive finding with 30 (wt%) of glycerol loading. As observed from experiment, the addition of glycerol (up to 30%) in corn starch has significantly enhanced mechanical and physical properties of corn starch. This finding shows the potential application of this biodegradable material to array of consumer applications such as container, tray, packaging and etc.
Preliminary studies on mechanical and physical properties for corn starch blended with glycerol
By: N.H. Zakaria, M. Z. Selamat, M. Z. Ngali, R. Jumaidin and A.F Ab Ghani
Abstract:
This study aims to investigate the mechanical and physical behavior of biodegradable corn starch blended with three different weightage of glycerol for 30, 35 and 40 (wt%). The blend of corn starch and glycerol were prepared by using hot press mold at 165oC at 15 min duration. The related tests such as tensile, density and microstructure analysis used Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) have been performed to characterize their mechanical and physical properties. It is observed that an existence of glycerol in the blend has increased the corn starch tensile properties (tensile strength). The result shown that corn starch with 30 (wt%) glycerol loading recorded the highest tensile strength. Higher loading of glycerol 40 (wt%) has resulted in slight decrease in tensile strength value. The physical test also shown a positive finding with 30 (wt%) of glycerol loading. As observed from experiment, the addition of glycerol (up to 30%) in corn starch has significantly enhanced mechanical and physical properties of corn starch. This finding shows the potential application of this biodegradable material to array of consumer applications such as container, tray, packaging and etc.
Full paper: Paper ID 38 |
Paper ID: 40
Fabricate flow channel on conducting polymer composite bipolar plate by machining process
By: H.A. Hamdan, M.Z. Selamat, M.B. Ali and M.Y. Yusuf
Abstract:
Bipolar plates are the most important parts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). It plays a huge effect on the performance of PEMFC. Therefore, this research objective is determining the dimensional accuracy of the fabricating flow channel on the surface of bipolar plate types and shapes through the machining process. Therefore, the materials used are Gr/CB/Fe/PP composites. Meanwhile, serpentine and interdigitated types with flow channel shapes of V and U shapes with a width of flow channel of 1 and 2mm have been selected. The accuracy of the fabricated flow channel through machining compared to actual drawing was investigated. Smartscope CNC500 was used to measure specimen dimensions (width, channel length, depth, width and channel length of 2 channels). Based on the result, serpentine and interdigitated specimen with 2mm width delivers better dimension accuracy with 0.1mm margin of error.
Fabricate flow channel on conducting polymer composite bipolar plate by machining process
By: H.A. Hamdan, M.Z. Selamat, M.B. Ali and M.Y. Yusuf
Abstract:
Bipolar plates are the most important parts in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). It plays a huge effect on the performance of PEMFC. Therefore, this research objective is determining the dimensional accuracy of the fabricating flow channel on the surface of bipolar plate types and shapes through the machining process. Therefore, the materials used are Gr/CB/Fe/PP composites. Meanwhile, serpentine and interdigitated types with flow channel shapes of V and U shapes with a width of flow channel of 1 and 2mm have been selected. The accuracy of the fabricated flow channel through machining compared to actual drawing was investigated. Smartscope CNC500 was used to measure specimen dimensions (width, channel length, depth, width and channel length of 2 channels). Based on the result, serpentine and interdigitated specimen with 2mm width delivers better dimension accuracy with 0.1mm margin of error.
Full paper: Paper ID 40 |
Paper ID: 41
Mechanical properties of coconut shell reinforced polymer composite
By: K.A. Zakaria, V. T. Singh, M.B. Ali and S. Dharmalingam
Abstract:
The utilization of natural fibers in composites has been increasing to save the environment by using biodegradable materials. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop natural fiber composite that reinforced with coconut shell and analyze their mechanical properties. The powder particle size of 500 μm and below is produced from coconut shell by using crusher machine and sieved using vibratory shaker machine. This coconut shell powder is used as filler to natural composite material. The weight percentage composition of filler concentration varies by 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% into polyester matrix. Polyester Resin and Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (MEKP) hardener are mixed to form a solid. The mechanical properties of this coconut shell reinforced polymer composite is determined from the tensile test, which is conducted based on ASTM D3039 standard. The finding results showed that their mechanical properties are influenced significantly by the filler composition. The maximum tensile strength achieved at 15% weight of filler.
Mechanical properties of coconut shell reinforced polymer composite
By: K.A. Zakaria, V. T. Singh, M.B. Ali and S. Dharmalingam
Abstract:
The utilization of natural fibers in composites has been increasing to save the environment by using biodegradable materials. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop natural fiber composite that reinforced with coconut shell and analyze their mechanical properties. The powder particle size of 500 μm and below is produced from coconut shell by using crusher machine and sieved using vibratory shaker machine. This coconut shell powder is used as filler to natural composite material. The weight percentage composition of filler concentration varies by 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% into polyester matrix. Polyester Resin and Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (MEKP) hardener are mixed to form a solid. The mechanical properties of this coconut shell reinforced polymer composite is determined from the tensile test, which is conducted based on ASTM D3039 standard. The finding results showed that their mechanical properties are influenced significantly by the filler composition. The maximum tensile strength achieved at 15% weight of filler.
Full paper: Paper ID 41 |
Paper ID: 42
Rubber waste as potential filler for polymer composites: Material characterisation
By: M. Nuzaimah, S.M. Sapuan, R. Nadlene and M. Jawaid
Abstract:
Rubber waste is difficult to degrade due to its highly cross-linked structure that can lead to pollution and spreading of diseases. Rubber waste is very elastic and possess high durability behaviour which potentially can provide enhancement towards the composite properties. In this work, rubber waste was obtained from rubber glove waste and went through cryogenic grinding to produce crumbs. The crumbs were later analysed by using physical, microscopy and thermal characterisation methods. The sizes of the rubber crumbs were ranging from 300 µm to 2 mm and the microscopy observation showed the rubber crumbs has regular shapes and smooth surfaces. Thermo-gravimetric results revealed rubber crumbs degrade in three stages and obvious mass loss occurred between 250 ºC to 400 ºC due to degradation of the main natural rubber element; poly-cis-1,4-isoprene. In comparison with the fresh rubber, thermal behaviour of waste rubber crumbs insignificantly changed as compared to fresh rubber crumb. Thus, on the basis of properties obtained from this work, the rubber waste crumbs acquired from rubber waste glove potentially can be used as a filler for the polymer composites as an alternative to recycle the waste material.
Rubber waste as potential filler for polymer composites: Material characterisation
By: M. Nuzaimah, S.M. Sapuan, R. Nadlene and M. Jawaid
Abstract:
Rubber waste is difficult to degrade due to its highly cross-linked structure that can lead to pollution and spreading of diseases. Rubber waste is very elastic and possess high durability behaviour which potentially can provide enhancement towards the composite properties. In this work, rubber waste was obtained from rubber glove waste and went through cryogenic grinding to produce crumbs. The crumbs were later analysed by using physical, microscopy and thermal characterisation methods. The sizes of the rubber crumbs were ranging from 300 µm to 2 mm and the microscopy observation showed the rubber crumbs has regular shapes and smooth surfaces. Thermo-gravimetric results revealed rubber crumbs degrade in three stages and obvious mass loss occurred between 250 ºC to 400 ºC due to degradation of the main natural rubber element; poly-cis-1,4-isoprene. In comparison with the fresh rubber, thermal behaviour of waste rubber crumbs insignificantly changed as compared to fresh rubber crumb. Thus, on the basis of properties obtained from this work, the rubber waste crumbs acquired from rubber waste glove potentially can be used as a filler for the polymer composites as an alternative to recycle the waste material.
Full paper: Paper ID 42 |
Paper ID: 43
Performance and emission characteristics for petrol engine with H2O2 addition
By: Z. Sabri Adlan, R. Adnan, F.A. Munir, M.Z. Thazaly and M.A.W. Najib
Abstract:
Alternative fuel has become an essential effort to fight against air pollution produced by automobiles. Some vehicles consumed gasoline as a burning fuel in spark ignition engine which discharged various harmful substances to the surrounding. Therefore, a blended gasoline with H2O2 is one of the alternative fuel to counter the problem. In the present research, experiments have been performed to study the effects of H2O2 on performance and emission characteristics when it is blended with gasoline at 5 %, 10 % and 15 % propositions. A single cylinder, four-strokes spark ignition engine fueled with gasoline and H2O2 has been used in this study. Various speeds and loads were applied in the experiments. This paper shows some increments in indicated thermal efficiency for 10% of H2O2-gasoline and decrements in indicated specific fuel consumption for 5% of H2O2-gasoline. Therefore, the H2O2-gasoline blends show better performance compared to gasoline alone. However, hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide emissions increased dramatically. Plus, exhaust gas temperature also increased slightly for H2O2-gasoline blends.
Performance and emission characteristics for petrol engine with H2O2 addition
By: Z. Sabri Adlan, R. Adnan, F.A. Munir, M.Z. Thazaly and M.A.W. Najib
Abstract:
Alternative fuel has become an essential effort to fight against air pollution produced by automobiles. Some vehicles consumed gasoline as a burning fuel in spark ignition engine which discharged various harmful substances to the surrounding. Therefore, a blended gasoline with H2O2 is one of the alternative fuel to counter the problem. In the present research, experiments have been performed to study the effects of H2O2 on performance and emission characteristics when it is blended with gasoline at 5 %, 10 % and 15 % propositions. A single cylinder, four-strokes spark ignition engine fueled with gasoline and H2O2 has been used in this study. Various speeds and loads were applied in the experiments. This paper shows some increments in indicated thermal efficiency for 10% of H2O2-gasoline and decrements in indicated specific fuel consumption for 5% of H2O2-gasoline. Therefore, the H2O2-gasoline blends show better performance compared to gasoline alone. However, hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide emissions increased dramatically. Plus, exhaust gas temperature also increased slightly for H2O2-gasoline blends.
Full paper: Paper ID 43 |
Paper ID: 44
Effect of seaweed on storage modulus of thermoplastic sugar palm Starch/Agar composites
By: R. Jumaidin, S. M. Sapuan, M. S. Zakaria, A. F. Ab Ghani and M. I.H.C Abdullah
Abstract:
This paper presents the effect of seaweed on the storage modulus of thermoplastic sugar palm starch/agar (TPSA) composites. The TPSA/seaweed composites were fabricated by addition of 10 to 40wt% seaweed into TPSA matrix. The samples were hot pressed into 3 mm thickness plate using hot compression moulding. Dynamic mechanical testing (DMA) was conducted on all samples at a temperature range of 25 to 150oC. The results show that the storage modulus of all samples decreased gradually when subjected to increasing temperature. Incorporation of seaweed has increased the storage modulus of the material. The loss modulus of the composites was also increased which indicates higher viscosity of the material. In conclusion, the addition of seaweed has improved the storage modulus and loss modulus of TPSA composites.
Effect of seaweed on storage modulus of thermoplastic sugar palm Starch/Agar composites
By: R. Jumaidin, S. M. Sapuan, M. S. Zakaria, A. F. Ab Ghani and M. I.H.C Abdullah
Abstract:
This paper presents the effect of seaweed on the storage modulus of thermoplastic sugar palm starch/agar (TPSA) composites. The TPSA/seaweed composites were fabricated by addition of 10 to 40wt% seaweed into TPSA matrix. The samples were hot pressed into 3 mm thickness plate using hot compression moulding. Dynamic mechanical testing (DMA) was conducted on all samples at a temperature range of 25 to 150oC. The results show that the storage modulus of all samples decreased gradually when subjected to increasing temperature. Incorporation of seaweed has increased the storage modulus of the material. The loss modulus of the composites was also increased which indicates higher viscosity of the material. In conclusion, the addition of seaweed has improved the storage modulus and loss modulus of TPSA composites.
Full paper: Paper ID 44 |
Paper ID: 45
Influences of velocity slip on the thermal energy transfer at the solid-liquid (S-L) interfaces
By: Abdul Rafeq bin Saleman, Gota Kikugawa, Taku Ohara, M.R.M. Zin, F. Idral, M.S. Zakaria, R. Jumaidin and N.H. Zakaria
Abstract:
Thermal energy transfer at solid-liquid (S-L) interfaces play a significant role in determining the performance of lubrication and coating systems. As such, the objective of this study is to investigate the influences of velocity slip at S-L interfaces which is a common application in lubrication and coating systems on the thermal energy transfer at the interfaces. The thermal energy transfer at the S-L interfaces will be evaluated based on thermal boundary resistance (TBR) at the interfaces. It is found that the surface structure of solid influences the velocity slip at the S-L interfaces. The result shows that the velocity slip is correlated with the TBR at the interfaces. Based on the result, it is concluded that the surface structure of solid significantly influence the velocity slip and TBR at the S-L interfaces. Rough surfaces of solid will enhance the chance of thermal energy transfer at the S-L interfaces.
Influences of velocity slip on the thermal energy transfer at the solid-liquid (S-L) interfaces
By: Abdul Rafeq bin Saleman, Gota Kikugawa, Taku Ohara, M.R.M. Zin, F. Idral, M.S. Zakaria, R. Jumaidin and N.H. Zakaria
Abstract:
Thermal energy transfer at solid-liquid (S-L) interfaces play a significant role in determining the performance of lubrication and coating systems. As such, the objective of this study is to investigate the influences of velocity slip at S-L interfaces which is a common application in lubrication and coating systems on the thermal energy transfer at the interfaces. The thermal energy transfer at the S-L interfaces will be evaluated based on thermal boundary resistance (TBR) at the interfaces. It is found that the surface structure of solid influences the velocity slip at the S-L interfaces. The result shows that the velocity slip is correlated with the TBR at the interfaces. Based on the result, it is concluded that the surface structure of solid significantly influence the velocity slip and TBR at the S-L interfaces. Rough surfaces of solid will enhance the chance of thermal energy transfer at the S-L interfaces.
Full paper: Paper ID 45 |
Paper ID: 46
Simulation of ant colony optimization on hole making performance
By: H. Abdullah, M.S. Zakaria2, T.M.L. Tuan Zahari, N. Talib, W.K. Lee and A. Saleh
Abstract:
Hole making operation one of machining process widely used in industrial industry. One of the main criteria in determining the efficiency of machining performance in hole making operation is shortest machining time. In this paper, simulation approach based on Ant colony optimization (ACO) has been done on hole making operation in order to minimize the machining time. The result based on ACO has been compared with the result obtain based on Genetic Algorithm (GA). Based on the simulation results, the ACO is enhance the performance of hole making process by reducing 13.5% of machining time. The results show that ACO is capable to minimize the machining time of hole making process.
Simulation of ant colony optimization on hole making performance
By: H. Abdullah, M.S. Zakaria2, T.M.L. Tuan Zahari, N. Talib, W.K. Lee and A. Saleh
Abstract:
Hole making operation one of machining process widely used in industrial industry. One of the main criteria in determining the efficiency of machining performance in hole making operation is shortest machining time. In this paper, simulation approach based on Ant colony optimization (ACO) has been done on hole making operation in order to minimize the machining time. The result based on ACO has been compared with the result obtain based on Genetic Algorithm (GA). Based on the simulation results, the ACO is enhance the performance of hole making process by reducing 13.5% of machining time. The results show that ACO is capable to minimize the machining time of hole making process.
Full paper: Paper ID 46 |
Paper ID: 51
Effective maintenance engineering and management in packaging industry
By: Suhairi Ahmad, Hashimi Lazim and Mohamad Salahudin Mohamad Saad
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the maintenance needed in packaging industry and provide suggestions to overcome the breakdown time and prevent for any major losses. Therefore, the paper contains of maintenance organization, maintenance strategy, system approach to maintenance, maintenance planning and scheduling and the computerized maintenance management system suitable for packaging industry. Basically, the first thing needs to be consider is the organizations to stimulate the company and organize the maintenance well. Then, task is brought to next step which is choosing the right strategy to implement into the company and with the strategy, comes the system approach to maintenance which will be needed the organize/secure planning and scheduling. Computer system is when everything kept in place and secure and in that particular application one’s company can be mire organized toward a better maintenance.
Effective maintenance engineering and management in packaging industry
By: Suhairi Ahmad, Hashimi Lazim and Mohamad Salahudin Mohamad Saad
Abstract:
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the maintenance needed in packaging industry and provide suggestions to overcome the breakdown time and prevent for any major losses. Therefore, the paper contains of maintenance organization, maintenance strategy, system approach to maintenance, maintenance planning and scheduling and the computerized maintenance management system suitable for packaging industry. Basically, the first thing needs to be consider is the organizations to stimulate the company and organize the maintenance well. Then, task is brought to next step which is choosing the right strategy to implement into the company and with the strategy, comes the system approach to maintenance which will be needed the organize/secure planning and scheduling. Computer system is when everything kept in place and secure and in that particular application one’s company can be mire organized toward a better maintenance.
Full paper: Paper ID 51 |
Paper ID: 52
Validation of design support tool to aid industrial designers in the development of an AM-enabled personalisable product designs
By: S.I. Abdul Kudus, R.I. Campbell and R.J. Bibb
Abstract:
This paper presents the validation of the Value-added AM-enabled Personalised Product (V+APP) Design Method, which was achieved by exposing the design workbook to expert designers and asking them to evaluate its usability, applicability and effectiveness. The aim of the validation is to determine the validity of the proposed method from industrial designers about its impact on professional design practice. Focus groups were identified with strategic samples of professional designers to gather an in-depth understanding of the issue. Based on the results, the study revealed that knowledge management and decision aid tools that adapted to the specificities of AM play an essential role in creating value-adding design features to personalisable AM products. It is vital for industrial designers to adopt AM knowledge in the early design process so that they are able to fully exploit the unique and value-added design characteristics enabled by AM.
Validation of design support tool to aid industrial designers in the development of an AM-enabled personalisable product designs
By: S.I. Abdul Kudus, R.I. Campbell and R.J. Bibb
Abstract:
This paper presents the validation of the Value-added AM-enabled Personalised Product (V+APP) Design Method, which was achieved by exposing the design workbook to expert designers and asking them to evaluate its usability, applicability and effectiveness. The aim of the validation is to determine the validity of the proposed method from industrial designers about its impact on professional design practice. Focus groups were identified with strategic samples of professional designers to gather an in-depth understanding of the issue. Based on the results, the study revealed that knowledge management and decision aid tools that adapted to the specificities of AM play an essential role in creating value-adding design features to personalisable AM products. It is vital for industrial designers to adopt AM knowledge in the early design process so that they are able to fully exploit the unique and value-added design characteristics enabled by AM.
Full paper: Paper ID 52 |
Paper ID: 56
Micro-channel combustor with bluff body
By: W.M.A.W. Shuib, A.C. Idris, M.F. Hasan and M.R.A. Rahman
Abstract:
Effects of the bluff body with slit in the micro-channel combustor have been numerically studied. Two-dimensional computational domain with the height and length of the channel is H = 1 mm and L=16 mm is used. The slit gap percentage utilized in this study is 0% to 70%. Results shows that the combustion characteristic is significantly influenced by the slit gap percentage. Flame is moving downstream and result in blow-off at the slit percentage 10% to 25%. At the slit percentage 30%, the flame zone moves towards the upstream result in stable flame. These observation is suggested due to the secondary vortex exist behind the bluff body as slit gap increases and pull or push the flame to the upstream or downstream.
Micro-channel combustor with bluff body
By: W.M.A.W. Shuib, A.C. Idris, M.F. Hasan and M.R.A. Rahman
Abstract:
Effects of the bluff body with slit in the micro-channel combustor have been numerically studied. Two-dimensional computational domain with the height and length of the channel is H = 1 mm and L=16 mm is used. The slit gap percentage utilized in this study is 0% to 70%. Results shows that the combustion characteristic is significantly influenced by the slit gap percentage. Flame is moving downstream and result in blow-off at the slit percentage 10% to 25%. At the slit percentage 30%, the flame zone moves towards the upstream result in stable flame. These observation is suggested due to the secondary vortex exist behind the bluff body as slit gap increases and pull or push the flame to the upstream or downstream.
Full paper: Paper ID 56 |
Paper ID: 57
Optimization of mixing conditions for wood plastic composites fabrication process
By: M.N.A. Nordin, B.R. Mizah, A.A. Kamarolzaman and R. Nadlene
Abstract:
This paper presents the optimization conditions of mixing process for wood plastic composites (WPC). The WPC specimens with 30 wt.% of wood fiber weight fraction were fabricated through an extrusion and injection molding processes under different mixing temperatures; 180 °C and 190 °C, and screw's speed of 5 rpm, 10 rpm, 20 rpm and 30 rpm, respectively. The extrusion process was done at single extrusion process before molded into a dumbbell shape via an injection molding machine at 200 °C. Tensile test was carried out for each type of WPC specimen. The tensile test results indicate the optimum tensile strength property obtained from the specimen at mixing temperature of 190°C and screw's speed of 20 rpm. Morphological study at the arbitrary cross-section of the WPC specimen was further studied and discussed.
Optimization of mixing conditions for wood plastic composites fabrication process
By: M.N.A. Nordin, B.R. Mizah, A.A. Kamarolzaman and R. Nadlene
Abstract:
This paper presents the optimization conditions of mixing process for wood plastic composites (WPC). The WPC specimens with 30 wt.% of wood fiber weight fraction were fabricated through an extrusion and injection molding processes under different mixing temperatures; 180 °C and 190 °C, and screw's speed of 5 rpm, 10 rpm, 20 rpm and 30 rpm, respectively. The extrusion process was done at single extrusion process before molded into a dumbbell shape via an injection molding machine at 200 °C. Tensile test was carried out for each type of WPC specimen. The tensile test results indicate the optimum tensile strength property obtained from the specimen at mixing temperature of 190°C and screw's speed of 20 rpm. Morphological study at the arbitrary cross-section of the WPC specimen was further studied and discussed.
Full paper: Paper ID 57 |